英語從句類型總結(jié)
一、定語從句
在復(fù)合句中， 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的有關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that等和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why等，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任句子成份。
1.由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，who用作主語， 如：This is the boy who often helps me.
2.由whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，whom用作賓語，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
3.由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，whose用作定語 ，如 ：Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
4.由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，which用作主語或謂語動詞的賓語或介詞的賓語，如：
5.由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，that可以指人或物，在從句中作主語或謂語動詞的賓語，但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語，如：
The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.?
6.由when, where, why引導(dǎo)的定語從句，如:
I don't know the reason why he was late.
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.
注意：先行詞是表示地點時，如果從句的謂語動詞是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果從句的謂語動詞是不及物的，就用where引導(dǎo)。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
7. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
(1)限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，這些關(guān)系代詞都不能省略。
(2)非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明，沒有這種從句，不影響主句意思的完整，一般用逗號把主句和從句分開， 關(guān)系代詞用 which,不用that;指人時可用who,如 ：I have two brothers, who are both students.
二、狀語從句
由從句擔(dān)任的狀語，在句子中可修飾謂語（或其它動詞）、形容詞、副詞或是整個句子，它可以用來表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等。狀語從句是一較大的語法項目，也是近幾年高考題中常見的一個重要試點。高考中已考查了時間、讓步、地點、條件、目的等狀語從句，這些從句仍是今后高考熱點，應(yīng)作充分準(zhǔn)備。同時對方式狀語從句也應(yīng)引起重視。
1、時間狀語從句
表示時間的狀語從句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) when, every time等引導(dǎo)。
When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as soon as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
2、原因狀語從句
原因狀語從句是表示原因或理由的，引導(dǎo)這類從句的最常用的連詞是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果關(guān)系時（它引導(dǎo)的不是從句）為并列連詞，語氣不如because強。
He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.
As it is raining, I will not go out.
Now that you mention it, I do remember.
3、地點狀語從句
引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞是where 和wherever等。
Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
4、目的狀語從句
引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句最常用的詞（組）是so, so that（從句謂語常有情態(tài)動詞）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。
Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
He left early in case he should miss the train.
5、結(jié)果狀語從句
結(jié)果狀語從句是表示事態(tài)結(jié)果的從句，通常主句是原因，從句是結(jié)果。由so that （從句謂語一般沒有情態(tài)動詞）, so that, such that等引導(dǎo)。
She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.
He was so excited that he could not say a word.
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
6、條件狀語從句
條件狀語從句分真實性（有可能實現(xiàn)的事情）與非真實性（條件與事實相反或者在說話者看來不大可能實現(xiàn)的事情）條件句。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的詞（組）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：條件從句中的if 不能用whether替換。
If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
So far as I know（據(jù)我所知）, he will be away for three months.
You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you dont go too far away from the river bank.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
7、讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (when, what, ) 等引導(dǎo)。注意：as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句一般是倒裝的。
Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, Ill never change my mind.
8、方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引導(dǎo)。
You must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as if nothing had happened.
9、比較狀語從句
比較狀語從句常用than, so (as) as, the more the more等引導(dǎo)。
I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
三、名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses）。 名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：連詞：that（無任何詞意）；whether, if（均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）；as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）。
以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分
連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever
連接副詞：when, where, how, why
具體分類
1．主語從句
作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。
2．賓語從句
名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。
（1） 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。
（2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如：
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告訴了你什么。
3．表語從句
在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動詞后，有時用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語 + 系動詞 + that從句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事實是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。
That's just what I want. 這正是我想要的。
4． 同位語從句
同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么時候回來。