主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)
語態(tài)表示主語和謂語的關(guān)系。語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如果主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者是說動(dòng)作是由主語完成的，要用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：We speak Chinese in China.在中國我們說漢語；如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，或者是說動(dòng)作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的，則用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：Chinese is spoken by us in China.在中國漢語被我們說。
一、主動(dòng)語態(tài)改成被動(dòng)語態(tài)方法
把主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)非常簡(jiǎn)單，可以遵循以下幾個(gè)步驟：
1. 將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語；
2. 謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)?ldquo;be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”，并通過be的變化來表達(dá)出不同的時(shí)態(tài)；
3主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，組成介詞短語放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動(dòng)詞之后。（有時(shí)by的短語可以省略）；
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
2. 一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
A new shop was built last year.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
4. 一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
6. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
7. 不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
三、使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題：
1. 不及物動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。This pen writes well. This new book sells well.
3. 感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語態(tài)中不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，須加上to. 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語（物）作主語，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
5. 一些動(dòng)詞短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can't laugh at him. →He can't be laughed at by us.
常見考法
對(duì)于語態(tài)考查，多以單選、詞語運(yùn)用的形式考查學(xué)生在具體語境中靈活運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的能力。一般情況下，會(huì)綜合考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，這時(shí)，要根據(jù)語境和動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間來確定時(shí)態(tài)，然后再確定語態(tài)。
典型例題：-Could you tell me whom the radio__________by? -Sorry. I have no idea.
A invents B invented C is invented D was invented
解析：題干的意思是“你能告訴我收音機(jī)是誰發(fā)明的嗎？”，發(fā)明收音機(jī)是過去的事，所以用過去時(shí)，排除 A和C；而radio和invent 構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，排除B
答案：D
誤區(qū)提醒
有些動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，但改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后要加上“to”，這一點(diǎn)我們必須注意。
典型例題：The young man was often seen _____ by the lake.
A to draw B to drawing C draw D drew
解析：這是2007年濟(jì)南的中考題。“看到某人做某事”為see sb.do sth.。句中動(dòng)詞原形是省略to的不定式，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中要還原to.
答案：A