延續(xù)性與非延續(xù)性動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中的使用
(1)有一些動詞是瞬間動詞，也叫非延續(xù)性動詞，這些動詞一發(fā)生就結(jié)束了，常見的有：come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。這些動詞雖然可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(說明某個動作的結(jié)果還存在)，但由于它們不能延續(xù)，因此不能跟表示一段的時間狀語連用。(也即現(xiàn)在完成時的第二個基本用法中不能使用非延續(xù)性動詞)。
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已經(jīng)回來了。
Jim has come back for a month. (誤) come back的動作不能延續(xù)一個月，因此錯誤。
(2)瞬間動詞不可以用于有段時間的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中，因此，若要解決這一問題，就應(yīng)把它改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞或短語，主要有以下幾種：
①用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞
如： buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞
如： join → be a member of go to school → be a student ③轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞
如： die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed ④轉(zhuǎn)換成be+介詞短語
如： come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(軍隊)
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已經(jīng)借了那本書。
I have kept the book for two days. 我已經(jīng)借那本書兩天了。
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已經(jīng)加入那樂隊了。
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已經(jīng)加入那個樂隊一個月了。
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已經(jīng)死了。
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已經(jīng)死了兩年了。
My father has arrived in China. 我父親已經(jīng)到達中國了。
My father has been in China for a week. 我父親已經(jīng)在中國一個星期了。
(3)在否定句中，非延續(xù)性動詞也可以與時間段連用。
e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以來我就沒有在圖書館借過書。
Jim hasn’t come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年沒回來了。