延續(xù)性與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的使用
(1)有一些動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞，也叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，這些動(dòng)詞一發(fā)生就結(jié)束了，常見(jiàn)的有：come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。這些動(dòng)詞雖然可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在)，但由于它們不能延續(xù)，因此不能跟表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。(也即現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第二個(gè)基本用法中不能使用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
Jim has come back for a month. (誤) come back的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù)一個(gè)月，因此錯(cuò)誤。
(2)瞬間動(dòng)詞不可以用于有段時(shí)間的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，因此，若要解決這一問(wèn)題，就應(yīng)把它改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)，主要有以下幾種：
①用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
如： buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞
如： join → be a member of go to school → be a student ③轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞
如： die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed ④轉(zhuǎn)換成be+介詞短語(yǔ)
如： come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(軍隊(duì))
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已經(jīng)借了那本書(shū)。
I have kept the book for two days. 我已經(jīng)借那本書(shū)兩天了。
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已經(jīng)加入那樂(lè)隊(duì)了。
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已經(jīng)加入那個(gè)樂(lè)隊(duì)一個(gè)月了。
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已經(jīng)死了。
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已經(jīng)死了兩年了。
My father has arrived in China. 我父親已經(jīng)到達(dá)中國(guó)了。
My father has been in China for a week. 我父親已經(jīng)在中國(guó)一個(gè)星期了。
(3)在否定句中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可以與時(shí)間段連用。
e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以來(lái)我就沒(méi)有在圖書(shū)館借過(guò)書(shū)。
Jim hasn’t come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年沒(méi)回來(lái)了。