without

1. PREP You use without to indicate that someone or something does not have or use the thing mentioned. 沒有

I don't like myself without a beard. 我不喜歡自己一根胡子沒有。

She wore a brown shirt pressed without a wrinkle. 她穿了一件熨得沒有一絲皺褶的棕色襯衫。

2. PREP If one thing happens without another thing, or if you do something without doing something else, the second thing does not happen or occur. 沒有[PREP n/-ing]

He was offered a generous pension provided he left without a fuss. 只要他毫無怨言地離開，他就會得到一筆豐厚的退休金。

They worked without a break until about eight in the evening. 他們不停地工作到大約晚上8點。

3. PREP If you do something without a particular feeling, you do not have that feeling when you do it. 沒有 (某種感覺)

Janet Magnusson watched his approach without enthusiasm. 珍尼特·馬格努森毫無熱情地看著他走近。

4. PREP If you do something without someone else, they are not in the same place as you are or are not involved in the same action as you. 無 (某人) 在場

I told Franklin he would have to start dinner without me. 我告訴富蘭克林他得撇下我開飯了。