英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全-9. 分詞
分詞就是具有動(dòng)詞及形容詞二者特征的詞，尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n結(jié)尾的英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞性形容詞，具有形容詞功能，同時(shí)又表現(xiàn)各種動(dòng)詞性特點(diǎn)，如時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、帶狀語(yǔ)性修飾語(yǔ)的性能及帶賓詞的性能。分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種，是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”，過(guò)去分詞表示“被動(dòng)和完成”（不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成）。分詞可以有自己的狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或邏輯主語(yǔ)等。
9.1 分詞作定語(yǔ)
分詞前置
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分詞后置
(i.分詞詞組；ii. 個(gè)別分詞如given, left； iii. 修飾不定代詞 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有個(gè)女孩坐在那里This is the question given. 這是所給的問(wèn)題
There is nothing interesting. 沒(méi)有有趣的東西
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 書(shū)與寫(xiě)作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)表被 動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句 which is written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主語(yǔ)language與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有被動(dòng)的含義。
spoken是動(dòng)詞speak的過(guò)去分詞形式，在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾主語(yǔ)language, spoken 與 language有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。該句可以理解為：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
9.2 分詞作狀語(yǔ)
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由于沒(méi)有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多給些照顧，那些樹(shù)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
典型例題
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動(dòng)的含義。being followed除表達(dá)被動(dòng)之外，還有動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行之意。 followed by（被…跟隨）。本題可改為： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后，因此為聲跟隨著光，聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者，為主動(dòng)。用現(xiàn)在分詞。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行的；過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)的，已經(jīng)完成的。對(duì)于液體來(lái)說(shuō)是加熱的受動(dòng)者，是被動(dòng)的，因而選C。它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句 When it is heated，…
注意： 選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)作是主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過(guò)去分詞。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這本書(shū)看上去很舊。
Using the book, I find it useful.
在使用的過(guò)程中， 我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書(shū)很有用。
9.3 連詞+分詞(短語(yǔ))
有時(shí)為使分詞短語(yǔ)與主句關(guān)系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分詞的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)必須為同一個(gè)，如：While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主語(yǔ)相同。
9.4 分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
通常在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后，如：I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車(chē)不見(jiàn)了。
I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分詞作表語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞： 表示主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行過(guò)去分詞： 表示被動(dòng)，已經(jīng)完成
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙著做飯，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分詞作插入語(yǔ)
其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，意思上的主語(yǔ)并不是句子的主語(yǔ)。generally speaking 一般說(shuō)來(lái)
talking of (speaking of) 說(shuō)道
strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說(shuō)
judging from 從…判斷
all things considered 從整體來(lái)看
taking all things into consideration 全面看來(lái)
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來(lái)說(shuō)，狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的動(dòng)作)
9.7 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)
1）與主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 聽(tīng)到這一消息，他高興得手舞足蹈。Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 剛一到那兒，他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。
典型例題
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此處沒(méi)有連詞，不能選D，否則出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中選一個(gè)。又因前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，且與主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。
2）先于主動(dòng)詞
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花園里散步時(shí)他傷了腿。分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如果先與主動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作業(yè)后，他出去了。
典型例題
___ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本題考查分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與分詞的否定式。根據(jù)題意判斷，分詞的動(dòng)作（接信）發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作（決心再寫(xiě)信）之前，因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成為not +分詞，故選C。該句可理解為：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
1）通常，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)
例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是給你錢(qián)的那個(gè)人。He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那個(gè)被車(chē)攔住的人。
2）不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned例: a well-read person. 一個(gè)讀過(guò)許多書(shū)的人
a much-travelled may 一個(gè)去過(guò)許多地方的人
a burnt-out match 燒完了的火柴