介詞短語在句中的作用
介詞不能單獨(dú)在句子當(dāng)中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，它后面必須接名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類搭配(介詞+賓語)構(gòu)成介詞短語;和動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞，然后才能夠在句子當(dāng)中充當(dāng)成分。 一、介詞的搭配與選擇
介詞不能在句子中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，而需要與其后面的賓語相結(jié)合，成為介詞短語，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。所以選用什么介詞要根據(jù)其后面所接的賓語而定。但是，有時(shí)介詞也受其前面用詞的限制，因此，許多情況下也應(yīng)根據(jù)介詞前面的詞選用相應(yīng)的介詞。
二、介詞的語法功能
介詞與其他詞類或成分結(jié)合后方能在句子中充當(dāng)語法成分，構(gòu)成介詞短語。介詞短語可以作定語(須后置)、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、另一個(gè)介詞的賓語，間或作主語等。
例如：
The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel.(定語)
Her eyes were tired from long reading.(狀語)
The decision is of great importance to me.(表語)
They found the machine in a bad state.(賓語補(bǔ)足語)
A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.(介詞賓語)
On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.(主語)
三、介詞的分類
介詞是用于名詞詞組或相當(dāng)于名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu)之前，表示詞語之間意義關(guān)系的詞類。 英語常用的介詞大致可分為四類：
1.簡單介詞
顧名思義，簡單介詞是指由一個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成的介詞，也是使用最頻繁的一類介詞。簡單介詞也可能由形容詞、副詞、分詞、名詞、連詞等轉(zhuǎn)變而來。常用的簡單介詞有：
at，about，above，across，after，among， against，before，behind，below，beside，between，beyond，but，despite，during，except，for，in，of，on，over，near，past， round，since，through，till，until，with，up等。
2.合成介詞
指由介詞+其它介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的介詞。常用的合成介詞有：
inside，into，onto， outside，throughout，towards，within，without等。
3.二重介詞
指由兩個(gè)單一的介詞并列在一起，作為一個(gè)介詞使用并表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意思的介詞。常見的二重介詞有：
from among，from behind，from under，until /till after等。介詞短語在句中的作用
4.短語介詞
指由介詞+介詞、介詞+名詞、介詞+分詞、介詞+動(dòng)詞、介詞+形容詞、介詞+副詞等構(gòu)成的短語.常用的有：
according to， along with，in front of，by means of，in spite of，together with，with regard to等。短語介詞與介詞短語不同。介詞短語是由介詞加賓語構(gòu)成，本身可作句子成分，如定語或狀語等，可單獨(dú)使用;而短語介詞是用作介詞的短語，不可獨(dú)立使用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞或代詞等。
四、介詞的賓語
介詞的賓語可以是名詞、代詞或其他詞類或句子等。例如：
名詞：The car ran into a wall，and two men were killed.
代詞：Wherever he went，he carried the photo with him.
形容詞：Your plan is far from perfect.
副詞：I can't see the tower clearly from here.She came from afar.
動(dòng)名詞：He entered the room without taking off his hat.
不定式：He did nothing but cry.
介詞短語：She often studies till after midnight.
數(shù)詞：In nine out often he won't come.
疑問詞+不定式：The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle.
疑問詞引導(dǎo)從句：He does not care about who will be promoted.
that引導(dǎo)的從句：Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak.
五、介詞短語的句法功能
1.作定語
The key to the door is missing.
2.作表語
As we know, Japanis to the east of China.
3.作狀語
1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (時(shí)間狀語)
2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地點(diǎn)狀語)
3)All the work must be done by hand. (方式狀語)
六、介詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 介詞+賓語+形容詞
He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.
2. 介詞+賓語+分詞
The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.
3. 介詞+賓語+不定式
The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.
4. 介詞+賓語+副詞
The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.
5. 介詞+賓語+介詞短語
The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.
七、介詞的疊用
在少數(shù)介詞之后還可接另一個(gè)介詞短語，也就是我們所稱的二重介詞。如：
The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.
介詞+and+介詞
Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.
There are many trees in and outside the town.
八、介詞的固定搭配
在英語中固定搭配的介詞詞組和短語介詞很多，平時(shí)需要加強(qiáng)記憶。此處講解幾個(gè)常見的動(dòng)詞與介詞的固定搭配，并且就較容易混淆的介詞搭配進(jìn)行比較、分辨。
1.act as 擔(dān)任 act for 代理
2.apply to 應(yīng)用于，適合于，向……申請(qǐng) apply for 申請(qǐng)，要求
3.belong to 屬于 belong in住在，應(yīng)該…… belong with 應(yīng)歸于(類別，范疇等)
4.call on 號(hào)召，請(qǐng)求，拜訪 call at 探訪(at后接地方) call in 請(qǐng)醫(yī)生，召集，收集 call to 高聲喚(某人)
5.compare with 跟……相比較 compare to 把……比作，與……相比
6.correspond with 與……通信;適合 correspond to 相當(dāng)于
7.deal in 做生意，經(jīng)營(=engage in) deal with 對(duì)付，論及，與……交往(=cope with)
8.play with 玩(某物) play at玩(某種游戲) play on 玩(某種樂器)
9.suffer from 患(病)，受……禍患.
10.wait on 伺候 wait for等待
九、常易混用介詞的區(qū)別
1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介詞。
2. 表示地點(diǎn)的in和at的區(qū)別
a) at表示位置，in表示“在…內(nèi)”如：
— Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (問話者想知道的是位置)
— Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (問話者可能已經(jīng)在影院門外)
b) at表示小地點(diǎn)，in表示大地點(diǎn)
They arrived at the village at seven.
They arrived in Beijing at seven.
3. in, to和on在方位名詞前的區(qū)別
in表示在某范圍之內(nèi);to表示某范圍之外的地方;on表示“毗鄰、接壤”
Taiwanlies in the east ofChina.
Taiwanlies to the east of the mainland ofChina.
Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.
4. 表示時(shí)間的in和after
用于將來時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，in后面接“時(shí)段”;after后面接“時(shí)點(diǎn)”。試比較：
He will be back in five hours.
He will be back after five o'clock.
after后面也可接“時(shí)段”，但應(yīng)該用在過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中。
They came back after five days.
十、常見考法
一些常見介詞如in, at, for, to, by, on, against, between, along, below, with, as等的辨析;
一些介詞短語如next to, far from, out of, due to, in all, in fact, in short, in return, in search of, in place of, for lack of, for fear of, by nature, in case, by chance 的辨析.
十一、誤區(qū)提醒
1. 一些介詞的基本用法不清;2. 一些多義介詞的用法弄混;3. 一些介詞短語不會(huì)靈活運(yùn)用。
【典型例題】
1.Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone's enjoyment.
A.in B. at C. for D. to
解析: 錯(cuò)選D。for everyone's enjoyment 意為“為了大家欣賞”，for在此處為一基本用法，但受to one's joy的影響錯(cuò)選答案。正確答案為C。
2. So far, we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is ____ ideal. We have to work still harder.
A. next to B. far from C. out of D. due to
解析：錯(cuò)選C。next to 挨著，far from 遠(yuǎn)非，out of 出于，due to 因?yàn)?，根?jù)意思，有空的句子要表達(dá)“但還很不理想”。正確答案為B。